rrespond to
 *                              a WP_Term object, an associative array, or a numeric array, respectively. Default OBJECT.
 * @return WP_Term|array|WP_Error|null Type is based on $output value.
 */
function get_category_by_path( $category_path, $full_match = true, $output = OBJECT ) {
	$category_path = rawurlencode( urldecode( $category_path ) );
	$category_path = str_replace( '%2F', '/', $category_path );
	$category_path = str_replace( '%20', ' ', $category_path );
	$category_paths = '/' . trim( $category_path, '/' );
	$leaf_path  = sanitize_title( basename( $category_paths ) );
	$category_paths = explode( '/', $category_paths );
	$full_path = '';
	foreach ( (array) $category_paths as $pathdir ) {
		$full_path .= ( $pathdir != '' ? '/' : '' ) . sanitize_title( $pathdir );
	}
	$categories = get_terms( 'category', array('get' => 'all', 'slug' => $leaf_path) );

	if ( empty( $categories ) ) {
		return;
	}

	foreach ( $categories as $category ) {
		$path = '/' . $leaf_path;
		$curcategory = $category;
		while ( ( $curcategory->parent != 0 ) && ( $curcategory->parent != $curcategory->term_id ) ) {
			$curcategory = get_term( $curcategory->parent, 'category' );
			if ( is_wp_error( $curcategory ) ) {
				return $curcategory;
			}
			$path = '/' . $curcategory->slug . $path;
		}

		if ( $path == $full_path ) {
			$category = get_term( $category->term_id, 'category', $output );
			_make_cat_compat( $category );
			return $category;
		}
	}

	// If full matching is not required, return the first cat that matches the leaf.
	if ( ! $full_match ) {
		$category = get_term( reset( $categories )->term_id, 'category', $output );
		_make_cat_compat( $category );
		return $category;
	}
}

/**
 * Retrieve category object by category slug.
 *
 * @since 2.3.0
 *
 * @param string $slug The category slug.
 * @return object Category data object
 */
function get_category_by_slug( $slug  ) {
	$category = get_term_by( 'slug', $slug, 'category' );
	if ( $category )
		_make_cat_compat( $category );

	return $category;
}

/**
 * Retrieve the ID of a category from its name.
 *
 * @since 1.0.0
 *
 * @param string $cat_name Category name.
 * @return int 0, if failure and ID of category on success.
 */
function get_cat_ID( $cat_name ) {
	$cat = get_term_by( 'name', $cat_name, 'category' );
	if ( $cat )
		return $cat->term_id;
	return 0;
}

/**
 * Retrieve the name of a category from its ID.
 *
 * @since 1.0.0
 *
 * @param int $cat_id Category ID
 * @return string Category name, or an empty string if category doesn't exist.
 */
function get_cat_name( $cat_id ) {
	$cat_id = (int) $cat_id;
	$category = get_term( $cat_id, 'category' );
	if ( ! $category || is_wp_error( $category ) )
		return '';
	return $category->name;
}

/**
 * Check if a category is an ancestor of another category.
 *
 * You can use either an id or the category object for both parameters. If you
 * use an integer the category will be retrieved.
 *
 * @since 2.1.0
 *
 * @param int|object $cat1 ID or object to check if this is the parent category.
 * @param int|object $cat2 The child category.
 * @return bool Whether $cat2 is child of $cat1
 */
function cat_is_ancestor_of( $cat1, $cat2 ) {
	return term_is_ancestor_of( $cat1, $cat2, 'category' );
}

/**
 * Sanitizes category data based on context.
 *
 * @since 2.3.0
 *
 * @param object|array $category Category data
 * @param string $context Optional. Default is 'display'.
 * @return object|array Same type as $category with sanitized data for safe use.
 */
function sanitize_category( $category, $context = 'display' ) {
	return sanitize_term( $category, 'category', $context );
}

/**
 * Sanitizes data in single category key field.
 *
 * @since 2.3.0
 *
 * @param string $field Category key to sanitize
 * @param mixed $value Category value to sanitize
 * @param int $cat_id Category ID
 * @param string $context What filter to use, 'raw', 'display', etc.
 * @return mixed Same type as $value after $value has been sanitized.
 */
function sanitize_category_field( $field, $value, $cat_id, $context ) {
	return sanitize_term_field( $field, $value, $cat_id, 'category', $context );
}

/* Tags */

/**
 * Retrieves all post tags.
 *
 * @since 2.3.0
 * @see get_terms() For list of arguments to pass.
 *
 * @param string|array $args Tag arguments to use when retrieving tags.
 * @return array List of tags.
 */
function get_tags( $args = '' ) {
	$tags = get_terms( 'post_tag', $args );

	if ( empty( $tags ) ) {
		$return = array();
		return $return;
	}

	/**
	 * Filters the array of term objects returned for the 'post_tag' taxonomy.
	 *
	 * @since 2.3.0
	 *
	 * @param array $tags Array of 'post_tag' term objects.
	 * @param array $args An array of arguments. @see get_terms()
	 */
	$tags = apply_filters( 'get_tags', $tags, $args );
	return $tags;
}

/**
 * Retrieve post tag by tag ID or tag object.
 *
 * If you pass the $tag parameter an object, which is assumed to be the tag row
 * object retrieved the database. It will cache the tag data.
 *
 * If you pass $tag an integer of the tag ID, then that tag will
 * be retrieved from the database, if it isn't already cached, and pass it back.
 *
 * If you look at get_term(), then both types will be passed through several
 * filters and finally sanitized based on the $filter parameter value.
 *
 * @since 2.3.0
 *
 * @param int|WP_Term|object $tag    A tag ID or object.
 * @param string             $output Optional. The required return type. One of OBJECT, ARRAY_A, or ARRAY_N, which correspond to
 *                                   a WP_Term object, an associative array, or a numeric array, respectively. Default OBJECT.
 * @param string             $filter Optional. Default is raw or no WordPress defined filter will applied.
 * @return WP_Term|array|WP_Error|null Tag data in type defined by $output parameter. WP_Error if $tag is empty, null if it does not exist.
 */
function get_tag( $tag, $output = OBJECT, $filter = 'raw' ) {
	return get_term( $tag, 'post_tag', $output, $filter );
}

/* Cache */

/**
 * Remove the category cache data based on ID.
 *
 * @since 2.1.0
 *
 * @param int $id Category ID
 */
function clean_category_cache( $id ) {
	clean_term_cache( $id, 'category' );
}

/**
 * Update category structure to old pre 2.3 from new taxonomy structure.
 *
 * This function was added for the taxonomy support to update the new category
 * structure with the old category one. This will maintain compatibility with
 * plugins and themes which depend on the old key or property names.
 *
 * The parameter should only be passed a variable and not create the array or
 * object inline to the parameter. The reason for this is that parameter is
 * passed by reference and PHP will fail unless it has the variable.
 *
 * There is no return value, because everything is updated on the variable you
 * pass to it. This is one of the features with using pass by reference in PHP.
 *
 * @since 2.3.0
 * @since 4.4.0 The `$category` parameter now also accepts a WP_Term object.
 * @access private
 *
 * @param array|object|WP_Term $category Category Row object or array
 */
function _make_cat_compat( &$category ) {
	if ( is_object( $category ) && ! is_wp_error( $category ) ) {
		$category->cat_ID = $category->term_id;
		$category->category_count = $category->count;
		$category->category_description = $category->description;
		$category->cat_name = $category->name;
		$category->category_nicename = $category->slug;
		$category->category_parent = $category->parent;
	} elseif ( is_array( $category ) && isset( $category['term_id'] ) ) {
		$category['cat_ID'] = &$category['term_id'];
		$category['category_count'] = &$category['count'];
		$category['category_description'] = &$category['description'];
		$category['cat_name'] = &$category['name'];
		$category['category_nicename'] = &$category['slug'];
		$category['category_parent'] = &$category['parent'];
	}
}